Cancer care: Are new treatments the end of chemotherapy?

(CBS News) Improvements in cancer treatment have long been measured in decades, but the pace has quickened. Doctors are now hopeful that the prospect of targeted therapy, also called precision treatments, could end the need for chemotherapy and the rough side effects of the drug.

In fact, for many, chemotherapy is no longer the treatment of choice as doctors are now able to understand, indentify and treat some cancer cells more effectively.

Precision medicine: The future of medicine?

Typical cancer treatments have a devastating impact on most cells in the body, but the idea with these new treatments is that they could just target and kill off the cancer cells. The distinction between chemotherapy and precision treatments has been described as the difference between using a bomb and using a sniper because you really target the cells that are causing the cancer to grow.

"Scientists have taught us what makes cancer cells tick and the specific characteristics that drive these cancer cells. They call these cancer cells now addicted to certain genes," Dr. Mark Kris, thoracic oncology chief at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, said on "CBS This Morning: Saturday." "If we know what that addiction is, then we can go in there and pull out that substance that the cancer cell must have to survive."

Some cancers, such as certain leukemia and lung cancer, have had much more dramatic results with these drugs. Precision drugs focus on the molecular structure of the tumor and cancer cells.

"The best example is a disease called chronic myelogenous leukemia, CML. That disease was treated with a traditional chemotherapy or a bone-marrow transplant, a very large dose of chemotherapy, the bone marrow had to be replaced," said Kris. "People now with that illness are given a tablet, and they take a tablet, and many of these people appear to be cured, not just helped, but cured."

One major plus for moving away from chemo is that patients will not have to deal with the severe side effects of the drug.

Kris said that while these targeted treatments have side effects, they are different than those that are associated with traditional cancer treatments.

"There is very little loss of hair, very little damage to your nerves, very little damage to your blood which could lead to infections and bleeding and all the things that people associate with chemotherapy," he said.

For Dr. Mark Kris' full interview, watch the video in the player above.

Source: http://feeds.cbsnews.com/~r/cbsnews/feed/~3/92xK6rlbDkU/

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Andrew Blackmore-Dobbyn: Sarah Lane: All American Ballerina

Co-authored by Ellen Dobbyn-Blackmore

Sarah Lane in American Ballet Theatre's Sleeping Beauty
Photo by Rosalie O'Connor
As one of American Ballet Theatre's top soloists, all-American Ballerina Sarah Lane occasionally gets the opportunity to dance in principal roles. For the first time in the last five years, Lane will once again be dancing the role of Aurora in ABT's Sleeping Beauty at the Met. With ABT's long roster of established stars and international guest artists who dance the principal roles, opportunities such as this can be much less frequent than young dancers like Lane would prefer.

Sarah Lane is married to fellow company member, Luis Rigaborda, and when they are not in New York, they frequently visit Rigaborda's native Spain. In person, Lane is disarmingly direct, humorous and without affectation. Her cheerful, engaging manner and personal accessibility is a large part of why this talented ballerina is so popular. We didn't really talk about that noisy controversy having to do with her role as Natalie Portman's dance double in the film, Black Swan. It's something that will probably follow her for the rest of her career but it isn't something that she thinks about. Lane is always looking ahead, never back. In a recent interview, she spoke of her return to the role of Aurora, her life as a dancer and expectations beyond.

So... getting any dance double work lately?
Sarah Lane: No, thank God! (laughs) That little bit of extra money was nice, of course, but other than that, well, it was a cool experience looking back on it now. The part that came after wasn't so fun. Everyone loves drama.

How does it feel to be doing Sleeping Beauty again after five years?
It's hard because my memories were of it feeling very natural because I had rehearsed it so much, at the point where I did it at the Met at least. I had rehearsed so much and it was so ingrained in me. It's one of the hardest ballets but I wasn't struggling with myself. I feel almost like I'm starting all over from the beginning and what I remember as feeling completely natural now feels unnatural. You build something and then you knock it all over and then you start from scratch -- it's sort of that feeling. I have to go into the studio with a sense of humor, sort of, and maybe be a little bit more critical of myself but not in a way that tears down my enthusiasm.

Does it feel like a lot of pressure since you only get one performance of Sleeping Beauty?
I am struggling with the fact that it feels like more pressure because I haven't done it in five years and I got some negative feedback about it in the past. I got some really amazing feedback initially and then all of a sudden I got some negative feedback that I didn't see coming. So I kind of had to deal with that and the whole underlying principle of criticism.

You mean about how people give it or how you receive it?
I can't control how people give criticism but I can control how I accept it and how much of it I accept. That was a learning experience for me. Now I think I'm in a new place and I'm doing it for myself. When I was younger I don't think things fazed me as much because I hadn't been through as much. I am stronger now and I've learned a lot over these years of having to struggle through. It's what you go through as you grow and mature as an artist. All of those things make me a better dancer to do a better job this time around. I just don't want anything to take away from my enjoyment of the role.

One of the most important things for somebody in your position, doing principal roles, is the coaching on the mime parts, the acting part... so who do you go to now that Susan Jaffe is gone?
Well, Irina Kolpakova. I've always loved Irina but she can't coach every single ballerina in the company.

How was it for you after Susan Jaffe left?
That was really hard, actually. The reason why she was so good for me and for Isabella (Boylston) was that we really bonded with her and she was there when we really needed her at a time when we really had no one else to guide us. Sometimes you don't know if the little details really matter but she was there to call them out and it taught me to see those details. She showed me how to work in a more thoughtful way and artistically, she gave me so much and she improved a lot of things that I needed more work on. I continue to try and push myself on all those things we worked on and to remember them.

Do you ever go outside the company for help?
Yes, I have in the past. I've worked with Alessandra Ferri and Amanda McKerrow. Isabelle Guerin coached me for Other Dances which I did for a freelance performance. I loved working with her. I got a lot out of it. There are male coaches, good coaches, but I think that a female coach is needed for certain roles like Sleeping Beauty.

The Rose Adagio and those balances... it's kind of a nightmare to have that be the first thing you have to do when you come on stage for Sleeping Beauty.
I'm going to do my best and that's all that I can do. I don't want to psyche myself out about those difficult moments because the thing is, I could go out there and hit all of those balances but there could be nothing else there for the audience. I would rather work on all the fine details that I can to refine the role so that, if something goes wrong here or there, there's going to be more that I give. You just can't count on those technical things. You can work really hard and be strong but if something doesn't go right there's nothing you can do about it. It doesn't change who you are as a dancer.

You'll be dancing with Daniil Simkin for this performance, how is that partnership?
He's always great to work with, actually. He has a great personality and he's very easygoing which helps me a lot. Dancing with someone who tenses up and freaks out isn't helpful to me at all because of my own personality. I'm such a perfectionist and I get nervous before I go on stage. It's nice to work with someone like him because he's very calm. He has a great sense of humor and we laugh a lot.

Who did you look up to as a dance role model when you were a kid? Anyone who inspired you to say, I want to be like her?
I didn't see a lot of performances from professional companies growing up and YouTube wasn't there yet. That probably would have helped me in my development as a dancer to be able to see professionals more often but I didn't know many dancers really. The first ballet I really saw was here at the Met when I was sixteen. It was Amanda McKerrow doing Giselle. She's always been a huge inspiration for me. I think she's a really beautiful and special artist. She has something that not everyone has. Also, of course, Susan Jaffe and Alessandra Ferri and Julie Kent. Also Paloma Herrera... her technique is flawless.

What roles do you think are within your reach now that you would like to get the chance to do?
I learned Copp?lia so I would like to have a shot at that. It's not that difficult and it's a fun role that's down my alley. Of course I would love to do Juliet. I almost got thrown into Romeo and Juliet in China because Hee Seo and Julie Kent were both injured. Hee ended up being fine but I did get to learn it and have rehearsals with James Whiteside. It would be nice to have a show and not just rehearse it. Those things I feel like I'm more than ready for.

Is it hard to be patient waiting for new roles?
As I've gotten older I've come to see things in other ways and realize that maybe I wasn't really ready for this role or that... but now I feel that if they gave me a show of Romeo and Juliet I would really take it and there are so many things that I would do differently than when I was younger which are all for the better. I try to learn while I wait.

You and your husband, Luis, spend your summers in Spain after the Met season ends. What is that like and what do you do when you're off work and let everything go?
It's really hard for me to relax at first. I go stir crazy. Even when I'm at home on the weekends I'll be thinking, I should be doing the dishes or walk the dogs or I should go get groceries, do the laundry, clean the baseboards... (laughs) I'm really anal sometimes. I like to clean and keep my apartment tidy. When I go to Spain it forces me to relax because Luis's mom is not even a typical Spanish mom, she's above and beyond that. She just does everything.

She's truly amazing and has inspired me as a wife and a mom and a woman. When I go there she won't let me lift a finger to do anything. Now I'm learning how to win the battles, slowly, you know. When I get there, I'm really able to chill and I know she likes to be able to take care of us. She loves having us there, but after a week of that I'm ready to go again. Two weeks off is too much for me. I can take one week off but the second week I have to do something like Pilates or Gyrokinesis at least. I love to wake up and get my body moving or I feel grumpy.

Are you thinking of starting a family?
It's something that's important to me. Ballet is a short life and there are certain things you have to sacrifice for it but there's a point beyond which you shouldn't sacrifice. For me, it would be a lonely life after ballet if I didn't have a family.

What is Sarah Lane all about?
I love what I do and it's really important to me. Every day, especially when I go on stage, I try to give more than just steps. When I'm performing, I try to give something of myself. Hopefully people see that and take it away with them. I want people to come to the ballet and be able to forget about their lives. I want them, for one moment, to get lost in the beauty that ballet can create.

Sarah Lane will be performing the role of Princess Aurora in American Ballet Theatre's Sleeping Beauty at the Metropolitan Opera House on July 3.

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-blackmore-Dobbyn/sarah-lane-all-american-b_b_3516831.html

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Sony Japan: PlayStation 4 Launch Will Not Lead to PS3 Abandonment

Hiroshi Kawano, the president of Sony Japan, says that, despite the launch of the new PlayStation 4 home console, he does not expect most gamers to abandon using the older PS3, especially as more titles for it are being launched.

He tells Famitsu, as translated by Kotaku, that ?It?s been seven years since the release of the PS3 and the console continues to sell at a constant pace, plus we have many upcoming titles. We have no intention of immediately shifting from the PS3 to the PS4.?

Sony has always maintained that the PlayStation 3 will be viable for at least 10 years.

The company will not put pressure on gamers to make the switch, but it believes that the launch of cloud-based services in early 2014 will be the moment when most PlayStation fans decide to make the switch.

Source: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Sony-Japan-PlayStation-4-Launch-Will-Not-Lead-to-PS3-Abandon-364331.shtml

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Supreme Court petitioned to reimpose California gay marriage ban

By Steve Gorman

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Opponents of gay marriage petitioned the Supreme Court on Saturday to immediately reinstate a 5-year-old ban on same-sex matrimony in California, saying a federal appeals court had acted prematurely in removing the prohibition on gay nuptials.

Supporters of the gay marriage ban, known as Proposition 8, which California voters approved in 2008, asked the high court to overrule a 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals order on Friday lifting a stay that had kept same-sex unions outlawed.

Friday's surprise removal of the stay launched a flurry of swiftly arranged weddings by gay and lesbian couples up and down the state following a Supreme Court decision on Wednesday to let stand a 2010 lower-court opinion striking down Prop 8 as unconstitutional.

But opponents said the three-judge panel of the appeals court had jumped the gun in lifting its injunction before a 25-day "reconsideration" period at the Supreme Court had elapsed.

The Arizona-based group Alliance Defending Freedom argued that the 9th Circuit lacked authority to act when it did, and that it violated the terms of its own stay requiring that it remain in place "until final disposition by the Supreme Court."

The alliance asserted that final disposition could not occur before passage of the 25 days the Supreme Court normally gives petitioners to seek a re-hearing, in this case Prop 8 backers who were denied legal standing to appeal the 2010 decision.

But the American Foundation for Equal Rights, which sponsored the federal court challenge to Prop 8, issued a statement insisting that the 9th Circuit acted under its own "broad discretion" to issue its stay in the first place.

"Now that the Supreme Court has decided that the injunction against Proposition 8 must stand, it was entirely appropriate for the 9th circuit to dissolve its stay of that injunction," the alliance said in a statement.

Foundation attorney Ted Boutrous told reporters on a conference call on Friday that the 9th Circuit's move was hardly unprecedented and that appeals courts have taken similar actions in "much more boring cases than this" without drawing much notice.

Prop 8 supporters, he said, "should hang it up and quit trying to stop people from getting married."

The emergency petition seeking to bring gay marriages to a halt came as dozens of same-sex couples lined up at San Francisco City Hall for a second straight day since the appeals court lifted its stay against the 2010 decision by U.S. District Judge Vaughn Walker barring further enforcement of Prop 8.

(Writing by Steve Gorman; Additional reporting by Alex Dobuzinskis in Los Angeles, Patrick Creaven in San Francisco and Lawrence Hurley in Washington; Editing by Eric Walsh and Eric Beech)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/supreme-court-petitioned-impose-california-gay-marriage-ban-225423254.html

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India:-Airtel & Google join hands to provide free internet for mobile users

Airtel mobile customers will have access to mobile web search and feature-phone-friendly versions of Gmail and Google+ in India for free.

Leading global telecommunications company, ****** Airtel has joined hands with Google to launch free internet service for mobile users in India.

They announced the launch of Free Zone, which will give Airtel mobile customers access to mobile web search and feature-phone-friendly versions of Gmail and Google+ in India for free.

According to a statement released by Airtel, Free Zone aims to make the web accessible and affordable to all mobile users.

The Internet services available via Airtel includes:

Gmail: Users have unlimited access to Gmail from their mobile browser. If users click on a link or attachment within the email they are directed to a page where they can purchase a data package.

Google+: Users can share online photos and messages with circles of family, selected friends or the public; follow updates on the things they are passionate about - from cricket to photography, music to news; and follow people they?re interested in.

Google Search: Users can search the entire Internet and access the first page of websites from the results for free. If they click further into a website after that, they are directed to a page where they can purchase a data package.

While Airtel subscribers will not incur any data charges to access these services on Free Zone powered by Google, access to more advanced services such as attachment download or browse through to web sites from the ones accessed in the Free Zone would be enabled through the subscription to a standard data package. The first page of a website linked from search results is provided at no data cost. They are informed about the data charges and given the option to purchase an appropriate data package.

Rajan Anandan, VP and Managing Director, Google India said, ?The mobile Internet user base is growing really fast in India. Working with Airtel on this exciting trial means that we can offer Internet services at no cost to anyone with a phone. This gives people easier access to information in a way that benefits everyone, whether it?s an individual or a small business that wants to reach more people on the web. We hope this initiative will encourage more Indians to experience the value of the Internet and gain from it. Students can easily look up for facts to work on their assignments, housewives will be able to easily check on recipes and connect with their friends and family from their mobile phones."

Free Zone aims to put the web in the hands of more people and empower first time Internet users with several useful services of the Internet.

Airtel mobile customers can access the service by visiting airtel Free Zone | Gmail, Google+, Google Search on Mobile | No Data Costs and start using the Internet without having to sign in to the service.

?As the country?s leading telecom services provider, we at Airtel are constantly looking for new ways of exciting more and more of our 200 million plus customers in India about the data experience. In this market, where feature phones predominate, our association with Google to bring Free Zone to India will encourage millions of users to discover the power of mobile Internet for the very first time and leverage the amazing world of information search, email and social collaboration - at no incremental cost? said N Rajaram, Chief Marketing Officer ? Consumer Business, ****** Airtel.

Airtel and Google join hands to provide free internet for mobile users in India - Sci/Tech - DNA

Source: http://www.defence.pk/forums/members-club/261237-india-airtel-google-join-hands-provide-free-internet-mobile-users.html

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[ROM][AOSP][4.2.2](6/29/2013) "Shiny", OTA-Like, Stock Android 4.2.2 JDQ39E - No bugs!

Source:
Mod Type: ROM?????Difficulty: Easy?????Mod Status: Stable?????Mod Base: AOSP?????Carrier: Verizon
Requires Root: No?????Apply In: CWM Recovery?????Optional: Deodexed?????Optional: Debloated?????Android Version: 4.2.2 (JB)
"Shiny" OTA-Like JDQ39E Android 4.2.2 for VZW Galaxy Nexus (Toro)
Skip right to the downloads (if you dare )
Hello there RootzWiki community! I'll admit this is a pretty spontaneous post; I've been building ROMs from the Android Open Source (Project) for awhile now, but I've never "published" any of them. I myself own a Verizon Galaxy Nexus, so I've always built from AOSP to make sure I'm as up to date as possible. Well, that's a little background so let's get going with the overview of the ROM itself:

Overview
This ROM is Android Jelly Bean 4.2.2, build JDQ39E. The ROM is built directly from source, that is, the Android source code published by Google available for download to all of us developers. The reason I say the ROM is "OTA-like" is because I make VERY few modifications to it, aside from the things that it takes to get the ROM working. I'll go into detail about those things below, but basically I just want the ROM to make your phone feel stable and shiny and new as if it has just received a new OTA update. That being said, it's clear that the landscape of Nexus devices is changing as new ones are released. Therefore, the other primary goal of this ROM is to keep our Galaxy Nexus as close to the modern Nexus design as possible. This means that I will also add in features that will still be stock, but will also make our phones as close to a current Nexus as possible.

As for how I handle the forum side of things, I'm always open to comments, questions, suggestions, requests, etc. I know that most of those things will often be in the form of criticism, but it's okay, I think I can handle it :) That being said, I do also have a life and am a college student, so I may not get to come on here ALL the time. I will check back as frequently as possible, and I'm hoping that you guys will help each other out as much as possible! Keep it friendly! :) So now for the details...

Features

• Stock Android 4.2.2, build JDQ39E
  
• Source (AOSP) built kernel (boot.img)
  
• Deodexed
  
• Easily rootable (see information below)
  
• G-Apps (GMail, Play Store, etc.) included in build along with Nexus apps
  
• Stock browser replaced with Google Chrome
  
• Shiny restart options - access them by holding down the power button and then long pressing on "Power Off"
  
• 4.2 wallpapers and sounds included
  
• All the crazy Google proprietary app stuff has been taken care off (Email2.apk, ExchangeGoogle.apk, DeskClockGoogle.apk, etc. all included)
  
• Updated frequently
  
• Everything works!

So what do I mean when I say "Everything works!"?
I'm sure by now you all know that when someone says that, it usually ends up not being true. This ROM is not an exception to that rule, but I can say that I've tested most of the things that would be expected to work in stock Android, such as...

• WiFi Tethering (no subscription check)
  
• Bluetooth streaming
  
• Google account sign-in and auto-restore of apps and settings
  
• Google Wallet
  
• Location Services (pretty fast GPS lock in my area also)
  
• Believe it or not, December is still a month!
  
• Photosphere
  
• Android beam
  
• Photo editing with the new filters
  
• Email
  
• Exchange support
  
• Like I said, the normal stuff (data, voice, hardware acceleration, etc.)
  
• More things that aren't important enough to mention here - check out the changelog for a more comprehensive list

Possible Bugs
It's impossible for me to test for and notice EVERY single possible bug in the operating system, so as of right now I can't say that there are any, although I'm sure you will find some. If you do, report them here!

Other IMPORTANT Information
Root
But wait, nothing in this post said anything about root!!!11!!1!1!!! That's right, my ROM does NOT have root built in! (I don't use any root apps, and it's important to the whole "OTA-like" theme). That being said, the ROM is easily rootable; I made sure of this because I know that many, many of you will use root for many useful purposes. If you want to root the ROM, it's as easy as installing Koush's superuser control app/su with this ZIP file. More detailed information can be found in the "Installation Instructions" section. **NOTE** If you are rooted and upgrading to a new build, you should not have to reflash the rooting flashable ZIP because the ROM will keep root for you.

Updates
I'm probably going to update the ROM itself once every few days (at least once a week) because there are constantly updates being pushed to the Android source. I probably won't make many changes myself except with updating binaries or fixing bugs. Because of this, I'm not going to keep an extensive changelog. You can always check out the AOSP code review for recent changes to the source. I'll only a keep a changelog of big, notable, and important changes. Everything else will be low-level optimizations that will make the experience much smoother without you even knowing :)

Radios
This ROM will (most likely) work with any toro radios; however, I of course recommend using the most recent, Verizon-approved radios which are the FK01 and FK02 radios. My ZIP installation package for these radios can be downloaded here.

Bootloader
Once again, I'm assuming that this ROM will work with all tuna/toro bootloaders; BUT for optimal experience and performance, use the newest Google-approved bootloader, PRIMELC03. My ZIP installation package for that bootloader can be downloaded here.

ClockworkMod Recovery
I personally recommend using ClockworkMod Recovery as it has always worked well for me with no quirks. Android 4.2 messed up a few aspects of recoveries because of its multi-user system. ClockworkMod Recovery has been updated to correct some of these issues, and I recommend updating to the most recent version, 6.0.2.3. You can flash either the touch recovery or non-touch recovery image through fastboot OR you can download my flashable recovery update ZIP (touch/non-touch) and flash it in recovery. Check out the installation instructions for more details on this.

Some Other Not-so-important Information
Naming Conventions
All of my ROM ZIP files are automatically generated by my build computer. The file name always begins with baldwinguy77_toro_aosp so you know that it's my build for toro. That prefix is always followed by the date in mmddyy format (e.g. 112212), a hyphen ("-"), and the time in 24-hour, hhmmss format (e.g. 153945). Finally, all builds end with the "signed" suffix - it just helps me know which packages have finished building and which have not. Hopefully this helps everyone to know which update is newest; I stay away from version numbers because I let Google do all of the version control.

File Hosting
I've switched over from using Dev-host to a privately hosted site, graciously and generously given to me by RootzWiki user Goofball. Dev-host is still an amazing service, but it's much more convenient for me to use a privately hosted site, plus I get my own suburl and FTP access! HUGE thanks to Goofball, please check out his RootzWiki profile here! The private hosting will definitely help me deliver a better experience to you guys as far as downloading goes. You can view all of my uploaded, public files here: http://shinyrom.goofball.org/

Older builds are found here: http://d-h.st/users/baldwinguy77

Also, if anyone ever wants to mirror for me, please feel free so long as you keep the file name and the file itself intact. As for everyone who downloads from a posted mirror: BE CAREFUL! Always use a virus scanner and be careful with what you are putting on your device!

Installation Instructions (VERY IMPORTANT - Note: You can flash all of these ZIPs in CWM or TWRP)
ROM
1. Download the latest version of the ROM from the download post. (Also download any other files you will need to install, such as Koush's Superuser Root ZIP, the radios installation ZIP, the bootloader installation ZIP, etc.)
2. Put the file(s) you downloaded in step 1 on your phone's internal storage (sdcard).
3. Turn off your phone.
4. Boot into the bootloader of the phone by holding down both volume buttons and the power button simultaneously until you feel a vibration and see a large arrow that says "Start".
5. Use the volume keys to change the arrow until it says "Recovery," then press the power button to boot into recovery.
6. Because of differences in recovery types, I will make the following steps rather generic.
7. Wipe cache.
8. Wipe dalvik cache.
9. If you want to be 100% sure there are no problems, wipe data. If you are coming from another ROM or Android version, wipe data. If you do not wipe data and something goes wrong, repeat this process but wipe data - this step is not necessary if you are simply upgrading.
10. If you are updating your radios, flash FF02_FG02_Radios-signed.zip
11. If you are updating your bootloader, flash PRIMELC03_Bootloader-signed.zip
12. Flash the ROM (baldwinguy77_toro_aosp...signed.zip)
13. If you are rooting, flash Chainfire's SuperSU ZIP file - this step is not necessary if you were rooted on the previous build and are simply upgrading.
14. Reboot your phone, and enjoy!

**Note: If you are simply upgrading to a new version of the ROM and want to keep root, follow the exact instructions above, and do not format /system. It really is not necessary to format /system at any time (unless specifically noted), as the ROM installer has this function built in.

Mods
1. Download the latest version of the mod(s) you wish to install from the download post.
2. Put the file(s) you downloaded in step 1 on your phone's internal storage (sdcard).
3. Turn off your phone.
4. Boot into the bootloader of the phone by holding down both volume buttons and the power button simultaneously until you feel a vibration and see a large arrow that says "Start".
5. Use the volume keys to change the arrow until it says "Recovery," then press the power button to boot into recovery.
6. Because of differences in recovery types, I will make the following steps rather generic.
7. Wipe cache.
8. Wipe dalvik cache.
9. Install the mod(s) you downloaded in step 1.
10. Fix permissions (not really necessary)
11. Reboot and enjoy!
**Note: You can remove all mods you've installed by dirty flashing the latest version of the ROM.

ClockworkMod Recovery (Fastboot method - must have an unlocked bootloader and fastboot in your path)
1. Download either the CWM touch recovery image or non-touch recovery image to your computer and rename it to "recovery.img".
2. Power off your phone.
3. Boot into the bootloader of the phone by holding down both volume buttons and the power button simultaneously until you feel a vibration and see a large arrow that says "Start".
4. Plug your phone into your computer using the standard USB cable.
5. Open the command prompt/terminal and navigate to the folder where your "recovery.img" is saved.
6. Type "fastboot devices" to make sure your phone is recognized; a serial number should show up on the screen.
7. Type "fastboot flash recovery recovery.img" and wait for the process to complete (should be quick).
8. You're done! Use the volume keys to select "Recovery" and boot into your new recovery!

ClockworkMod Recovery (Flashable ZIP method - easier)
If you are updating your recovery before flashing a ROM, these steps should ALL be completed PRIOR to flashing the ROM.
1. Download either the touch recovery flashable ZIP or the non-touch recovery flashable ZIP.
2. Place the ZIP file downloaded in step 1 on your internal storage/sdcard.
3. Turn off your phone.
4. Boot into the bootloader of the phone by holding down both volume buttons and the power button simultaneously until you feel a vibration and see a large arrow that says "Start".
5. Use the volume keys to change the arrow until it says "Recovery," then press the power button to boot into recovery.
6. Choose "Install update from sdcard"
7. Select "Choose file from sdcard"
8. Find the flashable recovery ZIP file you downloaded and install it
9. Back up to the root menu of recovery
10. Select "advanced"
11. Select "reboot recovery"
12. The phone should boot up into your new recovery!

Credits
As with most ROMs, I only did a small part to get everything together. Also, a note that should be made here is that when I am using someone else's file, I ALWAYS host files on the shinyrom server to ensure that I don't put any unnecessary stress on their servers. Any file, however, still belongs to and is accredited to its original creator as listed below:
Willyjay - For providing us with lots of amazing and innovative mods for the ROM! Check out his RootzWiki profile here!
Inmanster - Another great modder who we are fortunate to have here in the thread. He works in collaboration with Willyjay and his mods for many things, but also does some of his own unique mods! Check them out in the download post and check out his RootzWiki profile!
Chainfire - For their SuperSU app and su binary, as well as the convenient ZIP update package, which was previously used and recommended. Check out their website, http://www.chainfire.eu/
Groupers - My new buddy on RootzWiki who helped me out with a GPS issue that popped up in 4.2. Check out his RootzWiki profile!
Google - Without their amazing staff and willingness to share the source code of their operating system, I wouldn't have been able to build this ROM!
Samsung - We all may have some mixed feelings about them, but in the end they gave us the amazing, hackable phone that is the Galaxy Nexus.
RootzWiki - Their extremely innovative and supportive community helps myself as well as hundreds of other developers and thousands of users to thrive, and exemplifies the heart and soul of Android.
Dev-Host - The file-sharing service with virtually no limits on sharing - kudos to them and their hard work. d-h.st
Koush and the ClockworkMod/ROM Manager Team - They make the best recovery that's been around for longest, and their constant updates allow us to keep making ROMs! Also, Koush's recently released open source Superuser control app is the best available and the one linked to in the thread. Thanks Koush! clockworkmod.com
Kevdliu - Huge thanks to this dev and their amazing quick settings mod! Please check out their thread here!
The CyanogenMod Team - For a working implementation of DSPManager on Android which can be ported to any AOSP-based ROM! Without them and Bigwavedave25, the DSP manager mod would not be available! Be sure to thank them and to check out the CyanogenMod website! Also, for their feature-filled version of the stock Messaging app which is available as a mod for my ROM!
bouchigo - a Rootzwiki user who has helped to make the CM10 Messaging app available as a mod for my ROM in conjunction with Willyjay for bringing it to my attention. Check out his Rootz profile and be sure to thank him!
Schoat333 - A Rootzwiki user who helped out Willyjay with the bubble styled MMS mods. The credit for the screenshots to go along with the mods goes to him! Check out his thread and his RW profile, and be sure to thank him!
Yarly - The most experienced RootzWiki admin I've ever had the pleasure of talking with, who taught me some new debugging tricks and answered some of my questions.
Razorloves - Another RootzWiki admin who helped me out with a few problems and answered a lot of my questions!
Tiny4579 - A kernel dev here on RootzWiki who also took the time to talk with me and answer a few of my questions. Be sure to check out his RootzWiki profile and his kernel thread for the GNex!

Thanks to everyone for their hard work and sharing that work with others!

DISCLAIMER
Come on guys, it's a Galaxy Nexus, to what extent could it really get messed up? Nonetheless, in case someone flashes this then puts their phone in the microwave or something and tries to blame it on me, I am not directly responsible for anything that occurs, either negative or positive, from flashing this ROM to your phone. Despite that, I am posting in the spirit of the Android community, a community that I have embraced and belonged to for several years, and I would never try to hurt any of your innocent, beautiful phones.

Okay that's about it! THE ROM DOWNLOAD LINK AND A SUMMARY OF ALL FILE DOWNLOADS CAN BE FOUND BELOW!

Edited by baldwinguy77, Yesterday, 08:49 PM.

Source: http://rootzwiki.com/topic/36706-romaosp4226292013-shiny-ota-like-stock-android-422-jdq39e-no-bugs/

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Jackson son's testimony dominates trial's 9th week

LOS ANGELES (AP) ? A look at key moments this past week in the wrongful death trial in Los Angeles between Michael Jackson's mother, Katherine Jackson, and concert giant AEG Live LLC, and what is expected at court in the week ahead:

THE CASE

Jackson's mother wants a jury to determine that the promoter of Jackson's planned comeback concerts didn't properly investigate Dr. Conrad Murray, who was convicted of involuntary manslaughter by a criminal jury for Jackson's June 2009 death. AEG's attorney says the case is about personal choice, namely Jackson's decision to have Murray serve as his doctor and give him doses of a powerful anesthetic as a sleep aid. Millions, possibly billions, of dollars are at stake.

WHAT HAPPENED THIS PAST WEEK

?Jackson's eldest son, Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson Jr., told jurors about his upbringing and for the first time publicly described what he saw on the day his father died. He recounted seeing his father hanging halfway off his bed, eyes rolled up in the back of his head while his personal doctor attempted CPR. Prince, 16, told jurors he was crying the whole time, but tried to comfort his siblings on the car ride to the hospital.

?Jackson's longtime makeup artist showed jurors emails she sent to Jackson's manager, warning him the singer may die and stating that she didn't want him and an AEG executive to be branded as "villains" or "financial victims" if tragedy struck.

WHAT THE JURY SAW

? Jurors watched home videos and photos of Jackson and his children, including footage shot on a Christmas morning in which he quizzed his three children about what they wanted to do when they grew older. His daughter, Paris, told her father she wanted to help the poor.

? Jackson's nephews TJ and Taj Jackson break down on the stand as they described the loss of their uncle Michael and the impact on the singer's children.

QUOTABLE MOMENTS

? "He was grabbing his elbow and looked aggressive to me," Prince testified, describing AEG Live CEO Randy Phillips' demeanor during a discussion with Michael Jackson's personal doctor in the singer's rented mansion.

? "I think out of all of my siblings, she was probably hit the hardest. She was my dad's princess. I think without that, it really hurt her a lot," Prince said of his sister Paris, who probably won't testify in the case, an attorney for Katherine Jackson told a judge.

OUTSIDE THE COURTROOM

? Fans delivered more than 13,000 roses to the cemetery where Jackson is interred on Tuesday, the fourth anniversary of the singer's death.

? A woman approached two alternate jurors, telling them not to award the Jackson family any money. The statements prompted an inquiry and Katherine Jackson's attorney said the incident was jury tampering.

? Katherine Jackson and other family members were expected at the Saturday night premiere of Cirque du Soleil's permanent Michael Jackson tribute show, "One," at the Mandalay Bay hotel-casino in Las Vegas.

? The Jacksons singing group ? made up of Michael Jackson brothers and other family members ? perform Sunday at the BET Awards at LA Live ? an AEG property.

WHAT'S NEXT

?Michael Jackson's nephew Taj Jackson may resume testifying, and additional experts will be called in a week that will be shortened to three days by the Independence Day break.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/jackson-sons-testimony-dominates-trials-9th-week-153756434.html

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Florida State sending three commitments to The Opening, looking for more

The Seminoles already have three, and are looking to add more.

The Florida State Seminoles are off to another strong recruiting start, and are sending three current commitments to Nike's The Opening -- the top recruiting event in the country. And FSU is targeting about 20 additional players.

Commitments

LB Kain Daub (@DaubKain), 6-3.5, 238
Jacksonville (Fla.) Sandalwood
Daub was a Class 8A All-State pick after recording 74 tackles, seven sacks and five forced fumbles as a junior. He committed to Florida State over offers from Alabama, Miami, Florida, LSU, Ohio State, South Carolina, USC and UCLA.

WR JoJo Robinson, 5-11, 178
Miami (Fla.) Northwestern
The speedburner started off the NFTC tour by running a 4.41 40 at the Miami Nike Combine. He came back out to the Miami NFTC in March and tore it up. Has the speed to get behind any defense and showed off good hands in Miami. He committed to Florida State over offers from LSU, Miami, USC and UCLA among others.

DB Derwin James Jr. (@derwinjames6), 6-2, 200 (Class of '15)
Auburndale, Fla.
James will be a junior this season and impressed at the Orlando NFTC where he ran a 4.66 in the 40, recorded a 35.1 and dominated the one-on-one drills to earn All-Camp Team honors. A Class 5A Honorable Mention All-State player, he has already committed to Florida State.

Targets

Florida State is also targeting several top players including Tony Brown, Lorenzo Carter, George Campbell (2015), Malachi Dupre, Adoree Jackson, Thomas Holley, Corey Martinez, Trey Marshall, and Shae McKenzie, Montae Nicholson, Derrelll Scott and Montel McBride.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Source: http://www.sbnation.com/college-football-recruiting/2013/6/29/4477770/florida-state-sending-three-commitments-to-the-opening-looking-for

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Lawyer proposes deal for Snowden's voluntary return (CNN)

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Games of the Month ? June 2013 | Gamezebo

Oh, how the time flies! We?re almost at the end of June already, and now it?s time once again to take a look back at some of our favorite releases over the past several weeks. But if there?s anything that June has taught us here at Gamezebo, it?s that truly amazing games can come out of all sorts of different genres. From hidden object adventures, to cutesy physics-based puzzlers, to console-quality turn-based action games, it really goes to show that there?s room for everyone to make a smash hit video game!

You also might notice that this is the very first time that we aren?t featuring a Social/Online category in our Games of the Month feature. And no, it?s not because I?m just lazy and didn?t feel like writing up another section. Quite frankly, it?s because we didn?t review a whole lot of social or online games in June, and the ones that we did review, well they weren?t really anything all that special. But there?s always next month for the Social/Online category to make a triumphant comeback! So until then, here are all of the great games we thought really stole the spotlight in June 2013:

?

PC/Mac Game of the Month

Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon (Winner)

From everything I know about the old blood-sucker, Dracula seems to be a pretty sneaky guy. So it?s only fitting, then, that the latest hidden object adventure to carry on his namesake would feature some of the most intriguing and mind-bending puzzles that we?ve seen in an HOG in the last month. The story of Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon involves the mysterious search for a secret painting, where players will constantly need to treat their character to food and medicinal supplies to keep from downright fainting. Now you know how Dracula feels, always having to suck people?s blood to stay trim!

?

House of 1000 Doors: Serpent Flame (Runner Up)

The House of 1000 Doors series is often considered to be of the highest caliber when it comes to hidden object adventures, so it should come as no surprise that the latest installment, Serpent Flame, would rank high on our list come the end of the month. Aside from a rich storyline, incredible visuals, and some seriously tantalizing hidden object scenes, House of 1000 Doors: Serpent Flame also features lots and lots of giant snakes! I?ll definitely play this game, but I think I might leave those snakes right where they?re hiding, thank you very much!

?

Mobile Game of the Month

XCOM: Enemy Unknown (Winner)

It?s a very rare thing to find a full console retail release on the iOS App Store, but that?s exactly what Firaxis?s XCOM: Enemy Unknown turns out to be, and you won?t believe the amount of high-quality gaming that?s all packed up here in this nice and neat little mobile package. It?s certainly the most turn-based fun we?ve ever had scoring headshots on an ugly race of invading alien goons! And just in case you need a little more proof of all the sheer awesomeness that XCOM: Enemy Unknown has to bring, just take a look at our perfect 5-star review of the game right over here.

?

Where?s My Mickey? (Runner Up)

These days, it seems like Disney?s water-focused, physics-based puzzler Where?s My?? series is one of the very few that can stand up against the likes of Angry Birds and Cut the Rope on the App Store, both in terms of its quality gameplay and refreshing ideas in further installments. The latest in the series, Where?s My Mickey? reinvents the traditional Where?s My?? formula with exciting new weather gameplay mechanics, such as rain-filled clouds and wind. Add this to the alluring new art style that looks like it?s taken straight out of a Mickey Mouse cartoon, and you get what will surely be one of the best physics puzzlers for some time to come.

Read more: Games of the Month

Source: http://www.gamezebo.com/news/2013/06/28/games-month-%E2%80%93-june-2013

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Yahoo To Sunset AltaVista, Axis, RSS Alerts, and Nine Other Products, Some As Soon As Today

Yahoo under Marissa Mayer is taking a page from her old employer, Google, and sunsetting 12 products, with some starting as soon as today. Included are Alta Vista and other search products like its experimental Axis extension, as part of "an ongoing effort to sharpen our focus and deliver experiences that enhance your daily lives," in the words of Jay Rossiter, EVP of platforms.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/E0W1q-V3PdU/

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Peace Light Memorial to be rededicated by Sons of Union Veterans? Camp 43

By Tom Mitchell

Published: Saturday, June 29, 2013, 2:16?a.m.
Updated 7 hours ago

KITTANNING ? Members of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, John T. Crawford Camp 43 will be doing their part to honor the memory of veterans who fought in the various battles of Gettysburg 150 years ago.

Richard Essenwein, state department commander and Camp 43 graves registration officer, said Camp 43 members will join with other Sons units at Gettysburg this weekend for the SUVCW's annual department encampment, a business session, and a re-dedication of the Peace Light Memorial. Various Sons groups will stay at the Eisenhower Inn and Conference Center.

?On Saturday we will be on the battlefield to rededicate the Peace Light Memorial,? Essenwein said. ?It was first dedicated by President Franklin Roosevelt 75 years ago as a memorial to all the brothers and sisters we lost in the Battle of Gettysburg, to a nation reunited, and to eternal peace. It will be a very somber and moving ceremony.?

Essenwein said that during such annual gatherings, the Sons make donations to charitable organizations in the towns in which they meet ? this year, in Gettysburg. One charity is selected by the state department's patriotic instructor and a second is selected by the ladies' auxiliary.

?Originally the charitable donations were presented at a campfire ceremony,? he said. ?But the parks department has regulations prohibiting fires on the battlefield, so the presentations will be made at the Conference Center. Camp 43 is proud and honored to play a role in this historic and solemn event.?

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4. Peace Light Memorial to be rededicated by Sons of Union Veterans? Camp 43
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6. ASD budget has $5.1M hole despite tax hike
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10. Armstrong County expects $1.5M in Marcellus drilling revenue

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Adobe's VP of Experience Design Michael Gough on Paper dependency and the omniscient gadget

Every week, a new and interesting human being tackles our decidedly geeky take on the Proustian Q&A. This is the Engadget Questionnaire.

In this week's edition of our regular answer sessions, Adobe's VP of Experience Design Michael Gough discusses digital sketching and six-fingered spies. Head to the other side of the jump to peruse those and a number of other topics in this coup d'état of queries.

Filed under: Misc

Comments

Source: Distro Issue 97

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/06/28/adobes-vp-of-experience-design-michael-gough-on-paper-dependenc/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Obama meets privately with Mandela family

JOHANNESBURG (AP) ? President Barack Obama met privately Saturday with the family of Nelson Mandela.

The meeting was held in Johannesburg at the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, part of the former South African president's foundation.

It lasted for about a half hour, enough time for a small crowd to gather outside for Obama's departure.

The White House says Obama met with two of Mandela's daughters and several grandchildren.

He will not meet with the ailing 94-year-old Mandela, who is hospitalized with a lung infection. The White House says the decision was made in accordance with the wishes of Mandela's family.

The White House initially said first lady Michelle Obama would attend, but later said she did not accompany the president. Mrs. Obama met Mandela during her trip to Africa in 2011.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-meets-privately-mandela-family-124749374.html

Pope John Paul II

Regulators pave way for biosimilar drug breakthrough

LONDON/ZURICH (Reuters) - European regulators have cleared the way for the first serious threat to the makers of multibillion-dollar biotechnology drugs to treat diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) said on Friday that its experts had backed approval of two copycat versions of Johnson & Johnson and Merck & Co's blockbuster rheumatoid arthritis drug Remicade - the first time a green light has been given for such antibody-based medicines.

Until now, complex biotechnology medicines such as Remicade - given by injection or infusion - have been largely immune from generic competition, unlike conventional pills.

But the EMA's announcement on so-called biosimilars Remsima and Inflectra - made by South Korea's Celltrion and U.S. company Hospira respectively - signals the changing landscape as regulators set out a clearer path for the evidence needed to secure approval of such products.

Celltrion executive Kim Hyoung-ki told reporters on Friday that the company is planning to seek approval in Japan later this year and that an application for U.S. approval is possible in 2015.

PRICE POINT

He said that the company expects to sell Remsima at a 30 percent discount to Remicade, aiming to win a significant chunk of the $6.1 billion sales that the drug racked up for Johnson & Johnson in 2012.

Celltrion also aims to boost sales further with approval in emerging markets and recession-hit countries such as Greece.

Citi analyst Andrew Baum said that European regulators' backing of biosimilar versions of Remicade is also likely increase the perceived risk for Roche's top-selling cancer drugs Rituxan and Herceptin. Roche is trying to protect its existing products by bringing out improved, patented versions of its medicines.

Both Remsima and Inflectra have been recommended for a range of auto-immune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis among others.

Europe has already approved some simpler biosimilars, including copycat versions of human growth hormone and the anemia treatment EPO, but it has yet to approve an antibody drug such as Remicade, which is known generically as infliximab.

Unlike traditional chemical drugs, biotech medicines consist of proteins derived from living organisms that cannot be replicated exactly. Biosimilars, therefore, are more difficult to develop and need more tests to prove they work properly.

Recommendations for marketing approval by the agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use are normally endorsed by the European Commission within a couple of months.

(Reporting by Ben Hirschler and Caroline Copley; Additional reporting by Miyoung Kim in Seoul; Editing by David Goodman)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/celltrions-biosimilar-remicade-gets-eu-green-light-115639357.html

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'Parrot dinosaur' walked on all fours, then graduated to two

New research suggests that Psittacosaurus, China's 'parrot dinosaur,' walked on four feet ? and then two feet.

By Elizabeth Barber,?Contributor / June 28, 2013

A Psittacosaurus skeleton is shown in the permanent collection of The Children?s Museum of Indianapolis.

Michelle Pemberton/Wikimedia Commons/Science Daily

Enlarge

A baby in a dinosaur costume can do a laudable imitation of how a young dinosaur might have behaved.

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New research suggests that Psittacosaurus, the 'parrot dinosaur,' walked on four feet ? and then two feet ? some 100 million years ago in what is now China. It would have grown up much like the modern human, at first exploring its world on all fours, like a toddler, and then graduating to upright motion.

Qi Zhao, a Ph.D student at the University of Bristol and a researcher at the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology in Beijing, studied a total of 16 fossil specimens ranging in from less than 1 year old to 10 years old. He found that the 1-year-old Psittacosaurus?specimens had long arms and short legs, meaning that the toddler dinosaur was biologically equipped to walk on all fours.

The arm bones showed continued growth in the dinosaurs between 1 and 3 years old, but the arm growth was dwarfed when the animal?s legs began to rapidly grow between 4 and 6 years old. At the age of 6, the Psittacosaurus?had legs twice as long as its arms and would have walked upright.?

That discovery, published in the scientific journal Nature Communications,?suggests not only that individual?Psittacosauruses went from four to two legs, but that the species had also evolved over time from four-legged adults to two-legged adults, adapting to environmental pressures.

?Having four-legged babies and juveniles suggests that at some time in their ancestry, both juveniles and adults were also four-legged, and Psittacosaurus and dinosaurs in general became secondarily bipedal,? said Mike Benton, a professor at the University of Bristol.

Measuring dinosaur growth is difficult, since enough samples are seldom available to track the species? development through its life cycle. Psittacosaurus, an herbivore distantly related to Triceratops, is a popular dinosaur for study, given the uniquely wide availability of viable fossils. The dinosaur?s genus includes between nine to 11 species, found in China, Mongolia, Russia, and Thailand.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/rf1Cm44IaeQ/Parrot-dinosaur-walked-on-all-fours-then-graduated-to-two

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Microscopy technique could help computer industry develop 3-D components

June 28, 2013 ? A technique developed several years ago at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for improving optical microscopes now has been applied to monitoring the next generation of computer chip circuit components, potentially providing the semiconductor industry with a crucial tool for improving chips for the next decade or more.

The technique, called Through-Focus Scanning Optical Microscopy (TSOM), has now been shown able to detect tiny differences in the three-dimensional shapes of circuit components, which until very recently have been essentially two-dimensional objects. TSOM is sensitive to features that are as small as 10 nanometers (nm) across, perhaps smaller -- addressing some important industry measurement challenges for the near future for manufacturing process control and helping maintain the viability of optical microscopy in electronics manufacturing.

For decades, computer chips have resembled city maps in which components are essentially flat. But as designers strive to pack more components onto chips, they have reached the same conclusion as city planners: The only direction left to build is upwards. New generations of chips feature 3-D structures that stack components atop one another, but ensuring these components are all made to the right shapes and sizes requires a whole new dimension -- literally -- of measurement capability.

"Previously, all we needed to do was show we could accurately measure the width of a line a certain number of nanometers across," explains NIST's Ravikiran Attota. "Now, we will need to measure all sides of a three-dimensional structure that has more nooks and crannies than many modern buildings. And the nature of light makes that difficult."

Part of the trouble is that components now are growing so small that a light beam can't quite get at them. Optical microscopes are normally limited to features larger than about half the wavelength of the light used -- about 250 nanometers for green light. So microscopists have worked around the issue by lining up a bunch of identical components at regular distances apart and observing how light scatters off the group and fitting the data with optical models to determine the dimensions. But these optical measurements, as currently used in manufacturing, have great difficulty measuring newer 3-D structures.

Other non-optical methods of imaging such as scanning probe microscopy are expensive and slow, so the NIST team decided to test the abilities of TSOM, a technique that Attota played a major role in developing. The method uses a conventional optical microscope, but rather than taking a single image, it collects 2-D images at different focal positions forming a 3-D data space. A computer then extracts brightness profiles from these multiple out-of-focus images and uses the differences between them to construct the TSOM image. The TSOM images it provides are somewhat abstract, but the differences between them are still clear enough to infer minute shape differences in the measured structures -- bypassing the use of optical models, which introduce complexities that industry must face.

"Our simulation studies show that TSOM might measure features as small as 10 nm or smaller, which would be enough for the semiconductor industry for another decade," Attota says. "And we can look at anything with TSOM, not just circuits. It could become useful to any field where 3-D shape analysis of tiny objects is needed."

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/l3YXanJMEUE/130628131025.htm

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Put Down Oil Drill, Pick Up The Test Tube: Making Fuel From Yeast

Jay Keasling (left), speaking with Rajit Sapar at the Joint BioEnergy Institute, is pioneering a technique to develop diesel fuel from yeast.

Courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Jay Keasling (left), speaking with Rajit Sapar at the Joint BioEnergy Institute, is pioneering a technique to develop diesel fuel from yeast.

Courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

What if we could get our gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel from yeast instead of from oil wells? That's not as crazy as it sounds. In fact, it's already happening on a small scale. And there's a vigorous research effort to ramp this up on a massive scale.

One of the more innovative approaches uses a new technology called "synthetic biology." Jay Keasling is one of the leaders in this hot field.

With his supershort crew cut and friendly demeanor, Keasling would fit in nicely where he grew up ? on a corn farm in Nebraska that's been in his family for generations. But these days you'll find him in a glistening building in Emeryville, Calif., home to several of his many endeavors.

Among the many hats Keasling wears is that of associate laboratory director for biosciences at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He's also CEO of the Joint BioEnergy Institute, director of the Synthetic Biology Research Center, and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Not to mention founder of three biotechnology companies ? Amyris, LS9 and Lygos.

"My research [focus], since I've been at Berkeley for the past 20 years, is, 'How do you engineer chemistry within cells?' " Keasling says. "I really believe you can use microbes as little chemical factories to produce almost anything we want."

? Imagine if we replaced a third of our transportation fuels and made them renewable. That would be a huge benefit.

- Jay Keasling

This is the basis of synthetic biology ? genetic engineering taken to a whole new level. Instead of tweaking one or two genes, Keasling and his colleagues change a bunch of genes, so microbes such as yeast can be transformed into chemical factories.

His most successful project to date doesn't have to do with energy. Keasling and his team inserted or tweaked a dozen genes in yeast cells and turned them into tiny factories that churn out a partially synthetic version of artemisinin, a key drug in the leading treatment of malaria. (The usual source of artemisinin is a tree known as sweet wormwood, and there are not enough to meet the global demand.)

Keasling's group licensed the synthetic version to a drug company called Sanofi, which has since produced 35 tons of artemisinin, enough for 70 million people. And this spring, the World Health Organization approved the new version as a malaria treatment.

Surprisingly, it's not such a leap from making the artemisinin to churning out fuels. The drug and diesel are both basically hydrocarbons ? hydrogen and carbon atoms cobbled together. So Keasling remembers thinking, "if we can just make a few more tweaks to that yeast that produces artemisinin, we can get it to spit out diesel fuels, or maybe even jet fuels, or gasoline."

Sure enough, they made those tweaks.

And now Amyris, one of the companies Keasling founded, "has a factory in Brazil that's using the engineered yeast, taking in sugar and spitting out a product that's a diesel fuel," Keasling says. Already, that diesel is in buses in Rio and Sao Paulo.

There is, of course, a catch: "This diesel is still more expensive than petroleum-based diesel by quite a long shot."

The yeast produces a hydrocarbon called farnesene, which can not only be converted to diesel but also turned into other much more lucrative chemicals. That's how Amyris can afford to make this pricey fuel.

The challenge now is to drive down the price. One way Keasling can do that is to make yeast much more efficient at churning out fuel molecules. Another way to make the end product cheaper is to start with a plentiful, less expensive starting material ? raw plant matter instead of purified sugar.

"It turns out that all plants are roughly two-thirds sugar," Keasling explains. It's tied up in a molecule called cellulose."

Lots of biotechnology companies have been working on the problem of breaking down cellulose with some modest success. Synthetic biology could possibly crack it wide open.

Under ideal circumstances, there's enough raw plant material ? especially agricultural waste ? to supply about a third of the liquid fuel we use. (Though there are potential pitfalls when you grow crops for fuel instead of food.)

These cleaner fuels would help reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide in the air, at least a bit. But ultimately, the challenge of reducing global emissions has to be met on many fronts, researchers say.

"In terms of technology the big lever is to improve the efficiency of the vehicles," says Doug Chapin, director of MPR Associates, an engineering firm in Alexandria, Va. Chapin was chairman of a recent report by the National Research Council, which looked at what it would take to reduce vehicle emissions by 80 percent by midcentury.

"The other big lever is [that] none of this happens unless the nation has the will to decide that this is the thing they want to achieve, almost more importantly than anything else," Chapin says.

Americans and others would need to accept fuels that cost more at the pump in exchange for the much less tangible benefit of a healthier planet. And governments would have to institute that not very popular idea.

Of course, making biofuels cheaper would make that sort of transformation an easier proposition, and that's what drives Keasling.

"There are some huge challenges, but there are huge opportunities," he says. "Imagine if we replaced a third of our transportation fuels and made them renewable. And maybe through other means we could decrease the use of petroleum-based fuels so we were putting much less carbon into the atmosphere. That would be a huge benefit."

Of course, it's intellectually stimulating to figure out how to engineer microbes to do your bidding. But it's also gratifying to feel like you're solving a problem that will help humanity. And Keasling says there's a personal bonus in this for him, too. His father in Nebraska now grows corn for ethanol, which is a very inefficient way to make fuel from crops. Maybe someday he'll be able to switch to a better crop for biofuel.

Source: http://www.npr.org/2013/06/28/188431312/put-down-oil-drill-pick-up-the-test-tube-making-fuel-from-yeast?ft=1&f=1007

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